Fluoride Concentration in Both Tap Water and Drinking Bottled Water (Commercial) in Baninah Area -Benghazi, Northeastern Libya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v38i1.1031Keywords:
Fluoride, Tap Water, Bottled Water, BaninahAbstract
Drinking bottled water has become both popular and increasingly controversial. as a result of the use of these techniques, some of the necessary elements in water are exposed to remove it such as fluoride. For this reason, the present study aimed to determine the fluoride content in both Tap Water and some types of Bottled water (Commercial) in the Baninah area -Benghazi. Six different types of bottled water from the local market, and three sampling point of tap water (water network supply) were collected for analysis of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and fluoride for all samples. The results revealed a decrease in total dissolved salts in some types of bottled water compared to the Libyan standard specifications for the quality of drinking water. While the Fluoride content in bottled water and tap water showed fluoride concentrations lower than 1.5 mg/l according to the WHO standards and Libyan standards for drinking water. This requires a medical study to know the other sources that compensate for the lack of fluoride in the water (tap water network supply - bottled water).
Downloads
References
APHA (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
Askari, M., Saeedi, R., Nabizadeh, R., Zarei, A., Ghani, M., Ehsani, M., Alimohammadi, M., and Abtahi, M. (2021). Assessing the contribution of bottled water in nutrient absorption using the bottled water nutritional quality index (BWNQI) in Iran. Scientific Reports 11, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03792-w
Bach, C., Dauchy, X., Chagnon, M.-C., and Etienne, S. (2012). Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethene terephthalate (PET) bottles: a source of controversy reviewed. Water Research 46, 571-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.062
Colburn, A. T., and Kavouras, S. A. (2021). Tap water consumption and perceptions in united states Latinx adults. Nutrients 13, 2999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092999
Collins, H., and Wright, A. (2014). Still Sparkling: The Phenomenon of Bottled Water—An Irish Context. Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 15-31.
Dissanayake, C. B. (1991). The fluoride problem in the groundwater of Sri Lanka — environmental management and health. International Journal of Environmental Studies 38, 137-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207239108710658
Doria, M. F. (2006). Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences. Journal of water and health 4, 271-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0023
Fawell, J., Bailey, K., Chilton, J., Dahi, E., Fewtrell, L., and Magara, Y. (2006). Fluoride in Drinking water. Published on behalf of the World Health Organization by IWA Publishing, Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street, London SW1H 0QS, UK.
Fewtrell, L., Smith, S., Kay, D., and Bartram, J. (2006). An attempt to estimate the global burden of disease due to fluoride in drinking water. Journal of Water and Health | doi: 10.2166/wh.2006.045 Available online May 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0036
Guissouma, W., Hakami, O., Al-Rajab, A. J., and Tarhouni, J. (2017). Risk assessment of fluoride exposure in drinking water of Tunisia. Chemosphere 177, 102-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.011
Hu, Z., Morton, L. W., and Mahler, R. L. (2011). Bottled water: United States consumers and their perceptions of water quality. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8, 565-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020565
Islam, M. R., Sarkar, M. K. I., Afrin, T., Rahman, S. S., Talukder, R. I., Howlader, B. K., and Khaleque, M. A. (2016). A study on total dissolved solids and hardness level of drinking mineral water in Bangladesh. Am J Appl Chem 4, 164-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20160405.11
Joshi, D. M., Kumar, A., and Agrawal, N. (2009). Assessment of the irrigation water quality of river Ganga in Haridwar district. Rasayan J Chem 2, 285-292.
Khairnar, M. R., Jain, V. M., Wadgave, U., Dhole, R. I., Patil, S. J., and Chopade, S. R. (2018). Effect of Different Reverse Osmosis Water Filters on Fluoride Content of Drinking Water. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry 16(2):165-168 DOI: 10.4103/Jia PhD.jiaphd_8_18.
Murray., J. J. (1986). Appropriate Use of Fluorides for Human Health. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Nutt, P. C., and Wilson, D. C. (2010). "Handbook of decision making," John Wiley & Sons.
O Mullane, D., Baez, R., Jones, S., Lennon, M., Petersen, P., Rugg-Gunn, A., Whelton, H., and Whitford, G. M. (2016). Fluoride and oral health. Community dental health 33, 69-99.
Organization, W. H. (2004). "Guidelines for drinking-water quality: recommendations," World Health Organization.
Sengupta, P. (2013). Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol 4, No 8.
Sham, S. M., Jalil, N. F., and Athirah, F. N. (2021). Human Health Risk And Benefit From Fluoride Intake: A Systematic Review.
Sivakumar, B. (2011). Water crisis: From conflict to cooperation—an overview. Hydrological Sciences Journal 56, 531-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2011.580747
Srinivas, C., Piska, R. S., Venkateshwar, C., Rao, M. S., and Reddy, R. R. (2000). Studies on groundwater quality of Hyderabad. Pollution Research 19, 285-289.
standardization, L. (2008). Libyan Standard specifications for bottled water. National Center for Standardization and Standardization Number MQL 10:Date of approval of the standard All rights reserved to the centre 2008.
Viscusi, W. K., Huber, J., and Bell, J. (2015). The Private Rationality of Bottled Water Drinking. Contemporary Economic Policy 33, 450-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12088
Vishali, M., Prabu, D., and Manipal, S. (2020). The Effect of Fluoride in the Prevention of Dental Caries and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among High and Low Fluoridated Areas of Tamilnadu-A Cross-Sectional Survey. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 11.
Vural, A., and Gundogdu, A. (2020). High-fluoride risk and toxicity in surface waters in Gümüşhane-Gö kdere valley drainage network (NE Turkey). Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science 9, 1323-1334.
Weber Jr, W. J., and Stumm, W. (1963). Mechanism of hydrogen ion buffering in natural waters. Journal‐American Water Works Association 55, 1553-1578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1963.tb01178.x
Wehr, K. (2011). "Green culture: An A-to-Z guide," Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412975711
WHO (2011). "Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality FOURTH EDITION."
Zakaria, N., Anornu, G., Adomako, D., Owusu-Nimo, F., and Gibrilla, A. (2021). Evolution of groundwater hydrogeochemistry and assessment of groundwater quality in the Anayari catchment. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 12, 100489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100489
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 idris imneisi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright of the articles Published by Almukhtar Journal of Science (MJSc) is retained by the author(s), who grant MJSc a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite MJSc as original publisher. Also they accept the article remains published by MJSc website (except in occasion of a retraction of the article).
