The Effect of Chemical Defenses on the Density of Insect Herbivores Between High, Medium and Coastal Elevations of Al Jebel Al Akhdar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v34i2.83Keywords:
Phenolic defences, Juniperus and Pistacia, insect Herbivores, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, LibyaAbstract
The study area is dominated by Juniperus sp and Pistacia sp, the two species, the study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical defences on the density of insect herbivores, and the results showed that the two species differed very much in their levels of phenols. Pistacia had the highest concentrations (overall 2308 ± 43 ppm, n = 45), with Juniperus quite a bit lower (1516 ± 43, n = 45). Overall levels of phenols were highest in plants from the middle and lowest in those from the bottom elevation level. This effect of the level was significant, showing that the two species showed the same pattern with elevation. There were substantial differences among plots within levels. This has affected the numerical density of the insects, where it was observed that their density on the tested Juniperus sp shrubs was more than the intensity on the tested Pistacia sp shrubs.
Downloads
References
Bryant, J. P., Heitkonig, I., Kuropat, P., & Owen-Smith, N. (1991). Effects of severe defoliation on the long-term resistance to insect attack and on leaf chemistry in six woody species of the southern African savanna. The American Naturalist, 137(1), 50-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/285145
Bryant, J. P., Reichardt, P. B., & Clausen, T. (1992). Chemically mediated interactions between woody plants and browsing mammals. Rangeland Ecology & Management/Journal of Range Management Archives, 45(1), 18-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4002520
Coley, P. D., Bryant, J. P., & Chapin, F. S. (1985). Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science, 230(4728), 895-899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4728.895
Dallman, P. R. (1998). Plant life in the world's Mediterranean climates: California, Chile, South Africa, Australia, and the Mediterranean basin: Univ of California Press.
Dement, W. A., & Mooney, H. A. (1974). Seasonal variation in the production of tannins and cyanogenic glucosides in the chaparral shrub, Heteromeles arbutifolia. Oecologia, 15(1), 65-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345228
Faituri, M. Y. (2002). Soil organic matter in Mediterranean and Scandinavian forest ecosystems: Dynamics of organic matter, nutrients, and monomeric phenolic compounds.
Glyphis, J. P., & Puttick, G. M. (1988). Phenolics in some southern African Mediterranean shrubland plants. Phytochemistry, 27(3), 743-751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84086-X
Herms, D. A., & Mattson, W. J. (1992). The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. The quarterly review of biology, 67(3), 283-335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/417659
Levin, D. A. (1976). The chemical defenses of plants to pathogens and herbivores. Annual review of Ecology and Systematics, 7(1), 121-159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.07.110176.001005
Martinez, J.-J. I. (2002). Anti-insect effects of the gall wall of Baizongia pistaciae [L.], a gall-inducing aphid on Pistacia palaestina Boiss. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 4(1), 29-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-009-9081-8
Massei, G., Hartley, S. E., & Bacon, P. J. .(2000). Chemical and morphological variation of Mediterranean woody evergreen species: Do plants respond to ungulate browsing? Journal of Vegetation Science, 11(1), 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3236768
Meletiou-Christou, M., Rhizopoulou, S., & Diamantoglou, S. (1994). Seasonal changes of carbohydrates, lipids and nitrogen content in sun and shade leaves from four Mediterranean evergreen sclerophylls. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 34(2), 129-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(94)90032-9
Muiruri, E. W., Barantal, S., Iason, G. R., Salminen, J. P., Perez‐Fernandez, E., & Koricheva, J. (2019). Forest diversity effects on insect herbivores: do leaf traits matter? New Phytologist, 221(4), 2250-2260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15558
Perevolotsky, A. (1994). Tannins in Mediterranean woodland species: lack of response to browsing and thinning. Oikos, 333-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3546282
Perevolotsky, A., Brosh, A., Ehrlich, O., Gutman, M., Henkin, Z., & Holzer, Z. (1993). Nutritional value of common oak (Quercus calliprinos) browse as fodder for goats: Experimental results in ecological perspective. Small Ruminant Research, 11(2).95-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(93)90143-6
Rogosic, J., Pfister, J. A., Provenza, F. D., & Grbesa, D. (2006). Sheep and goat preference for and nutritional value of Mediterranean maquis shrubs. Small Ruminant Research, 64(1-2), 169-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.04.017
Rohner, C., & Ward, D. (1997). Chemical and mechanical defense against herbivory in two sympatric species of desert Acacia. Journal of Vegetation Science, 8(5), 717-726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3237377
Waterman, P. G., & Mole, S. (1994). Analysis of phenolic plant metabolites (Vol. 83): Blackwell Scientific Oxford.
Wold, E. N., & Marquis, R. J. (1997). Induced defense in white oak: effects on herbivores and consequences for the plant. Ecology, 78(5), 1356-1369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1356:IDIWOE]2.0.CO;2
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright of the articles Published by Almukhtar Journal of Science (MJSc) is retained by the author(s), who grant MJSc a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite MJSc as original publisher. Also they accept the article remains published by MJSc website (except in occasion of a retraction of the article).